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   POLITICAL CONDITION OF ASSAM ON THE EVE OF THE ARRIVAL OF THE AHOMS.
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The establishment of the Ahom kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley is an important event in the history of Assam. The Ahoms ruled Assam for nearly a long period of six hundred years from 1228 AD to 1826 AD, a period which is unprecedented in the history of the world. During their long rule they brought the political unity of the Brahmaputra Valley on the one hand and gave a new form to its culture on the other.
However, there were many small kingdoms in the Brahmaputra Valley at the time of the establishment of the Ahom kingdom there. They were politically disunited and this situation paved the way for any courageous fortune-seeker to attack and occupy them.
History is the echo of the past and it gives us informations of the same. The respective history of the kingdoms then existed in the Brahmaputra Valley gives us some light about their own historical accounts. Moreover, "A History of Assam" by Sir Edward Gait, "The comprehensive History of Assam" by Dr. S. L. Baruah, ‘The Ahom Buranjis' and "Ahom Tribal Relations - By. Dr. Lakshmi Devi give us much informations about the kingdoms established in the Brahmaputra Valley.
There were many small kindgoms dividing among themselves the whole of the eastern part of Assam on the advent of the Ahoms in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Of these Kingdoms, the small kingdom of the Chutias was also one of them. The Ahoms established their kingdom on the bank of the river Brahmaputra covering the area in the South-East of the undivided district of Sibsagar lying between the Disang and Dikhu rivers while the Chutias ruled on the bank of that mighty river occupying the region east of the rivers Subansiri and Disang.
The Chutias are the indigenous people of Assam and like the Kacharis they were very powerful at the time of the coming of the Ahoms in Assam. Their original language was closely akin to the Bodo language. According to W. B. Brown the language of the Chutias, "may fairly claim to be the original language of upper Assam."
The Chutias were divided into four divisions as Hindu, Ahom, Barahi and Deori. They were the followers of the Shakti, i.e., female energy of God and worshipped the goddess "Kesai Khati" or Kali in the temples of Sadiya.
Nothing definite is known about the early history of the Chutias. It seems that possibly their history was very old. The Chutias were bound to accept the suzerainty of Sukapha after the Barahis and the Morans. The first king of the Chutias was Birbal or Birpal, whose queen was Rupavati. After him his son Gaurinaray ascended to the throne of the Chutia kingdom in 1244 AD who was a very powerful king.
The two Mongoloid tribes, the Morans and the Barahis were also ruling in their small kingdoms independently or semi-independently in the eastern part of the Brahmaputra Valley. The Morans ruled over the area bounded by the Burhi Dihing on the north, Disang on the south, the Safrai on the east and the mighty river Brahmaputra on the west.
The Barahi kingdom was covered by the Disang on the north, the Dikhu on the south, Nagakhat on the east and Barahi Fika on the west. While Sukapha appeared in the Brahmaputra Valley, the Morans and the Barahis together had four thousand fighting men.
Thakumtha was the chief of the Barahis whose capital was near the Charaideo Hills. Badancha was the chief of the Morans and his capital was at Kaktal which was to the south of Sadiya.
Sukapha had to fight with these two tribes to prove his supremacy over them. He defeated them and compelled them to make submission to him. He then followed a very wise and generous policy in his dealing with these defeated enemies. He treated them as equals and encouraged intermarriage between the Ahoms and the Morans and the Barahis to wield them all into one nation.
Another important political power of the Brahmaputra Valley in the thirteenth century was the Kacharis who were perhaps the earliest known inhabitants of the same valley. They are identical with the people called "Mech" in Goalpara and North Bengal. The Kacharis who live in the Brahmaputra Valley call themselves Bodo or Bodo Fisa while the Kacharis living in the North Cachar Hills call themselves Dimasa or "son of the great river". The Kacharis have no written records of their rule for which it is difficult to say about their origin.
It is learned from the historical sources that in the beginning of the thirteenth century the Kacharis ruled the territory of eastern Assam bounded by the Dikhu river an the Kallang in Nowgong in the souther bank of the mighty river Brahmaputra. The valley of Dhansiri and the North Cachar sub-division were also parts of the Kachari kingdom. The capital of the Kachari kingdom was Dimapur.
The kingdom of the Ahom king Sukapha lay east of the Kachari kingdom. He had no conflict with the Kacharis as he knew their power while coming to the Brahmaputra Valley. In all probability Bicharpatipha, the Kachari King was contemporary to Sukapha.
There was also another petty kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley on the advent of the Ahoms in Assam. That was the Nyishi kingdom. This kingdom was bounded by hills on the north, the Brahmaputra on the south, Gong Bihali on the east and the river Bhairabi on the west. We do not know about them for the want of genuine historical sources.
Towards the early part of the thirteenth century a number of petty chiefs known as Baro-Bhuyans ruled in some scattered parts of Kamarupa, or ancient Assam. They were like some feudal lords and ruled their petty kingdoms independently. The Bhuyans rose into prominence specially in Nowgong, Lakhimpur, Darrang and Kamarupa.
The term "Bhuyan" means a landlord on the one hand and an administrator on the other. It is equivalent for the Persian word Zamindar and Sanskrit word Bhaumika. It is learnt from the Gomatha Vamsavali that the Bhuyans were the original dwellers of Kanauj. However, there are different accounts of the origin of the Baro-Bhuyans. The Bhuyans were Kayasth by caste.
There were two branches of the Bhuyans one was the Baro-Bhuyans while the other was the Saru-Bhuyans. The Baro-Bhuyans were the descendents of Shantanu one the one hand and the Saru-Bhuyans were the descendants of Shyamanta. The Baro-Bhuyans were the worshippers of the "Shakit" while the Saru-Bhuyans were the worshippers of God "Bishnu".
The Bhuyan chiefs always were not at good terms with each other but despite the same they fought against their common enemies jointly.
The kingdom of Kamarupa was situated on the extreme west of the mighty river Brahmaputra on the advent of the Ahoms in Assam. At that time it was very extensive.
 It extended at least up to the river Dikrai of the Brahmaputra Valley including modern Bhutan, Bengal and some parts of the Bangladesh in the west.
 But the glory of this vast kingdom did not last long. It was because of a series of invasions from the west led by the Turko-Afghan rulers of Bengal and the foundation of the Ahom kingdom by Sukapha in the south-eastern area of the Brahmaputra Valley.
During the first Muhammadan Invasion of Kamarupa by Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiar Khalji in 1206 AD Bartu on Prithu was the king of Kamarupa who defeated the invader and drove him out of his kingdom.
 This expedition of Mahammad is recorded in the Kanai Varasi Rock Inscription of North Gauhati. However, during the time of King Sandhya the capital of Kamarupa was transferred from Kamarupanagar (North Gauhati) to Kamatapur (Cooch Behar) in the west. It was from that time, the kingdom of ‘Kamarupa' was called "Kamata" or ‘Kamarupa-Kamata'.
 It is observed that, there were some petty kingdoms in the Brahmaputra Valley on the advent of the Ahoms in Assam. There was no political unity among the kings of the kingdoms for which they could not face the foreign invasions unitedly. In this way, the past glory of the Brahmaputra Valley sank down under the Turko-Afgans and the Ahoms.
GUPTAJIT PATHAK
Lecturer, Department of History,
 Kanya Mahavidyalaya,
 Gitanagar,  Guwahati-21,
Assam, INDIA
Mobile :Â +91 99548-85175
E-mail : guptajitpathak@yahoo.com
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